Problem Solution Essay Draft 2

Social media has become part of people's life. We use all kinds of social media as platforms to interact with friends, get informations and so on. There are 890 million people who log on Facebook daily and the statistics is still increasing. However, informations we get for social media platforms are not poorly vetted and these potential false information can cause serious problems due to thier fast spreading speed. There are huge amount of information on social media and it is very difficult for ordinary people to tell the credibility. The wide spread of false information could lead to serious consequences. Authorities of telecommunication departments should make laws to prevent severe outcome from happening and education sector should start to pay more attention to critical thinking skills and equip students with such skills.

On personal level, a deliberate or unintentional rumor could lead to human flesh search which would expose all personal details of the targeted person. His reputation could be damaged and personal life could be disturbed. For example, Chinese anti-corruption campaign uses social media as a platform to expose corrupted officials. However, some people use it as a chance to discredit political opponents by posting false information online. The targeted person could be ended up in internal investigation which could be considered as a stain in his profile. On a much larger scale, a false rumor like disease outbreak or crime could cause mass panic and result in social disorder. For instance, rumor about Ebola spreading fast in Guinean made student scare to return to school. 

Actually many countries have started working on false information spreading on social media platforms. For example, China passed a law last year regarding punishment of intentional rumor spreaders. According to this law, if your post contains false information and it is re-posted for over 500 times or gets over 5000 comments, you will be sentenced for up to two years sentence(China Supreme Court Explanation, Sep 09 2013). India also implemented laws to give up to five years sentence regarding false online information which may lead to social panic, after Mumbai Explosion 2011(Section 505, India Penal Code). Such laws have shown positive effects in stopping rumor spreading and easing severe consequences. For example, after China prosecuted two people who spread rumors intentionally, there are less disguise information online now(Hu XY, Less online false information spreading, Dec 07 2013). However, there are still many problems of such method. It would be difficult to differentiate whether or not the person is spreading intentionally. He may happen to believe what he spreads. Also, implementing such laws means that the government has to monitor the online voice everyday and block some voices.On one hand, people may fear that the government use such laws as excuses to silence political opponents. On the other hand, most governments may be reluctant to adopt such methods as it could be seen as strong censorship and jeopardize their reputation in freedom of speech. In the end, no matter how strong the punishment is or how strict the laws are carried out, the source or benefit of spreading rumor is still there. Such method could only ease the consequences but never stop the spreading because it never target at the original source.

Education is another possible way to solve false information problem. School equip students with better critical thinking skill which enable them to recognize rumors and false information and then choose not to spread them.The primary reason that false information could have such huge influence in due to fast spreading and the fast spreading is done by ordinary people who could be easily deceived. So, this problem would only stop when most people can recognize the problem by themselves. Education Departments should add critical thinking skills to school syllabus and start relevant lessons in primary and secondary schools. Since most online activities are carried out by teenagers, equipping them with better critical thinking skills is the most effective way of solving problem. Also, their presence in schools make the cost much lower than educating adult who are out in society. One more point to add is that, in this information explosion world, having good critical thinking skill is not only useful in stopping false information, but also helpful for students in their future life. 

In conclusion, education could stop false information from spreading from the source but its time frame is too long. It may take years or even decades to see its effect. So I suggest to use both of the above methods. In the short run, we implement laws to punish intentional rumor spreaders and prevent severe consequences. In the long run, we let people to judge the credibility of sources by themselves through education. Once the education method starts to show its effect, the government can abandon the first one as people would be ready.

Camara K, Guinea Scrambles to shut down false vaccination Rumor, Voice of America, Feb 15 2015, Retrieved from: http://www.voanews.com/content/guinea-scrambles-to-shut-down-false-vaccination-rumor/2644744.html

最高人民法院解释关于打击网络谣言，Chinese Supreme Court Explanation of Stopping Online Rumors, Xinhua News Agency, Sep 09 2013, Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2013-09/09/c_117293022.htm

Section 505 of India Penal Code,Retrieved from: http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1198526/

网络谣言传播热度下降，Less False Information Spreading Online, Hu XY, Changjiang News, Retrieved from: http://hb.ifeng.com/news/focus/detail_2013_12/07/1559504_0.shtml?_from_ralated

An Influential Event

This happened on May 22 2008, ten days after the Wenchuan Earthquake. We were having PE lesson. The teacher dismissed us and let us do whatever we want. It seemed like a good afternoon until someone shouting my name. Then I saw my best friend in a spasm, twitching his arms and legs on the ground. The scene really scared me and my mind went totally blank. Soon later, he was picked up by school doctor and then sent to hospital. Even till now, he cannot remember anything happened that afternoon. Seeing my best friend laying on the ground made me realize how vulnerable we are and how easily we could be destroyed. I am a freethinker so I will not say our lives are given by God or other forms of supernatural power, but still, we need to cherish every day we have, because we do not know what would happen to us tomorrow,since we are so vulnerable.

Problem solution essay draft 1

Social media has become part of people's life. We use all kinds of social media as platforms to interact with friends, get informations and so on. There are 890 million people who log on Facebook daily and the statistics is still increasing. However, informations we get for social media platforms are not poorly vetted and these potential false information can cause serious problems due to thier fast spreading speed. There are huge amount of information on social media and it is very difficult for ordinary people to tell the credibility. The wide spread of false information could lead to serious consequences. Authorities of telecommunication departments should make laws to prevent severe outcome from happening. Education sector should start to pay more attention to critical thinking skills and equip students with such skills.

On personal level, a deliberate or unintentional rumor could lead to human flesh search which would expose all personal details of the targeted person. His reputation could be damaged and personal life could be disturbed. For example, Chinese anti-corruption campaign uses social media as a platform to expose corrupted officials. However, some people use it as a chance to discredit political opponents by posting false information online. The targeted person could be ended up in internal investigation which could be considered as a stain in his profile. On a much larger scale, a false rumor like disease outbreak or crime could cause mass panic and result in social disorder. For instance, rumor about Ebola spreading fast in Guinean made student scare to return to school. 

Actually many countries have started working on false information spreading on social media platforms. For example, China passed a law last year regarding punishment of intentional rumor spreaders. According to this law, if your post contains false information and it is re-posted for over 500 times or gets over 5000 comments, you will be sentenced for up to two years sentence. India also implemented laws to give up to five years sentence regarding false online information which may lead to social panic, after Mumbai Explosion 2011. However, there are still many problems of such method. It would be difficult to differentiate whether or not the person is spreading intentionally. He may happen to believe what he spreads. Also, implementing such laws means that the government has to monitor the online voice everyday and block some voices.On one hand, people may fear that the government use such laws as excuses to silence political opponents. On the other hand, most governments may be reluctant to adopt such methods as it could be seen as strong censorship and jeopardize their reputation in freedom of speech. In the end, no matter how strong the punishment is or how strict the laws are carried out, the source or benefit of spreading rumor is still there. Such method could only ease the consequences but never stop the spreading because it never target at the original source.

Education is another possible way to solve false information problem. School equip students with better critical thinking skill which enable them to recognize rumors and false information and then choose not to spread them.The primary reason that false information could have such huge influence in due to fast spreading and the fast spreading is done by ordinary people who could be easily deceived. So, this problem would only stop when most people can recognize the problem by themselves. This could be done by having critical thinking lessons in primary and secondary schools. Since most online activities are carried out bu teenagers, equipping them with better critical thinking skills is the most effective way of solving problem. Also, their presence in schools make the cost much lower than educating adult who are out in society.    

In conclusion, education could stop false information from spreading from the source but its time frame is too long. It may take years or even decades to see its effect. So I suggest to use both of the above methods. In the short run, we implement laws to punish intentional rumor spreaders and prevent severe consequences. In the long run, we let people to judge the credibility of sources by themselves through education. Once the education method starts to show its effect, the government can abandon the first one as people would be ready.

Camara K, Guinea Scrambles to shut down false vaccination Rumor, Voice of America, Feb 15 2015,  http://www.voanews.com/content/guinea-scrambles-to-shut-down-false-vaccination-rumor/2644744.html

Chinese Supreme Court Explanation of Stopping Online Rumors, Sep 09 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2013-09/09/c_117293022.htm

Section 505 of India Penal Code,http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1198526/

Outline

Main problem: false information spreading fast on social media platform and serious consequences like personal insulting and mass panic could be caused

affected target group/stakeholders:ordinary people who use social media, government, innocent people who are targeted

agent of change/stakeholders: authority in charge of telecommunication, education sector

solution 1: Authorities of telecommunication department regulate information spreading on social media platforms and impose laws to punish those who spread rumors intentionally. Such method is using by Chinese government.

evaluation: 1,It would be difficult to differentiate whether or not the person is spreading intentionally. He may happen to believe what he spread to be truth.  

       2. Most governments may be reluctant to adopt such methods as it could be seen as strong censorship and jeopardize their reputation in freedom of speech.

       3. No matter how strong the punishment is, the source or benefit of spreading rumor is still there. So, such method could only ease the consequences but never stop the spreading.

solution 2: School equip students with better critical thinking skill which enable them to tell the problem of rumors and then choose not to spread them.

Implication/Conclusion: Education could stop rumors from spreading but its time frame is too long. It may take years to see its effect. So I suggest to use both of the above methods. When education shows its effect, then abandon the first one due to its weakness in censorship.

Thesis: There are huge amount of information on social media and it is very difficult for ordinary people to tell the credibility. The wide spread of false information could lead to serious consequences. Authorities should make laws to prevent severe outcome from happening. Education sector should start to pay more attention to critical thinking skills and equip students with such skills.

Problem Solution Essay Outline

Thesis:

There are huge amount of information on social media and it is very difficult for ordinary people to tell the credibility. The wide spread of false information could lead to serious consequences. Authorities should make laws to prevent severe outcome from happening and prepare people with more critical thinking skills. People with large social media influence, like celebrities, famous scholars and so on, should actively take their responsibility to stop the spread of wrong information.

Describe the severe outcome:

personal level: a deliberate or unintentional rumor could lead to human flesh search which would expose all personal details of the target person. His reputation could be damaged and personal life could be disturbed. e.g. Chinese anti-corruption campaign uses social media as a platform to expose corrupted officials. However, some people use it as a chance to discredit political opponents. 

society/national level: a false rumor like disease outbreak or crime could cause mass panic and result in social disorder. e.g. rumor about Ebola spreading fast in Guinean made student scare to return to school. 

Solutions:

1.authorities

telecommunication department should make laws to punish those false information, e.g China just prosecuted two people who made profit by spreading false information on social media. However, such laws may be criticized of speech control(will evaluate more)

education department should teach students to have more critical skills so that they would be able to tell the false information. e.g. Singapore MOE. This is the key to stop false information but its effect would only be shown in the long run.

2.people with large social media influences

include celebrities, famous scholars and people with many followers on social media

Reader Response Draft 3

According to ‘Who’s the true enemy of internet freedom China, Russia, or the US?’- Evgeny Morozov (2015), the author states that China and Russia both violate internet freedom since China blocks a few foreign websites and Russian laws make surveillance data being stored inside the country. However,the United State despite being an advocate of internet freedom, had demanded to obtain internet data 
regardless of where it is stored as long as it is handled by US companies. He 
also mentioned that many US companies' interest are the same as the Washington's and their cooperation threatens other countries' technological sovereignty.

I agree with the author that China, Russia and the US all violate internet 
freedom but the US is much more aggressive than the other two countries. 

China and Russia's restrictions only affect their own domestic users while the US is spying on everyone around the world as most data are processed by American 
companies. The US government wants to access to all of them, regardless where the data was generated. It means that over 75% of data generated worldwide can be 
accessed by the US government since they are all processed by US companies, 
namely Google, Yahoo and Microsoft(bySearch Engine Land 2013). The irony here is that Washington accuses almost every other countries on the planet of violating human right and lacking of freedom while it is actually the one whose violation is most severe and wide-spread. Morozov mentions the Prism Program carried out by NSA which is strong evidence showing the US spying on personal data. Such double 

standard makes people suspicious about the US government's agenda.

Also, China and Russia have valid reasons to explain their violation of internet freedom. China and Russia are rising and their rise challenges American interest.The not so friendly relationship with the US makes their digital sovereignty much more important for national security. For example, China blocked Facebook and YouTube because some Ughur and Tibetan extremists used those two websites as 
platform to spread threats which led to explosion and riots in Tibet and Xinjiang. To fight against terrorists is the exactly the same reason that the US uses to require customer data from those companies.However, Facebook and YouTube refused to cooperate with Beijing in the investigation and claimed it was against customer privacy. There are also evidence pointed out by Mozorov that those American 
companies are actually providing data to Washington. I am not saying that the government has right to access personal data. However, when it is the matter of national security and involves many more lives, we may give the government permit to do so. As for China, it is only trying to reduce its citizens' use of American server since American companies are not cooperating. People may accuse China and 

Russia of being autocratic.However, the reality is even Brazil and Germany whose government have much better reputation and relationship with the US tried to get rid of American companies due to security reasons. These examples can also be 
found in Mozorov's article. 

The even worse thing is the Prism Program I mentioned above. It taps into user data of many big American companies and get access to your personal data without you even knowing it. As I said, we may grant government some right to access our personal data when it is critical moment. However, what the Prism doing is watching my every movement. This government is not even my own oneand I severely doubt its agenda. From this perspective, China and Russia are merely trying to protect their citizens.

In conclusion, China and Russia blocked a few pages and force data to be stored  domestically while the US is looking at everyone’s internet data. All of 

them are wrong, but the US is much more wrong and violates much more people’s privacy. 

Reference:

Morozov. E (2015,Jan4). Who’s the true enemy of internet freedom - China, Russia, or the US?.The Guardian. Retrieved from

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/04/internet-freedom-china-russia-us-google-microsoft-digital-sovereignty

Sullivan.D(2013),Google Still World’s Most Popular Search Engine By Far, But Share Of Unique Searchers Dips Slightly. Search Engine Land. Retrieved from: http://searchengineland.com/google-worlds-most-popular-search-engine-148089

Ball.J and Rushe.D(2013), NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others. The Guardian.

Retrieved from: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data

Reader Response draft 2

Inferring to ‘Who’s the true enemy of internet freedom-China, Russia, or the US?’- Evgeny Morozov (2015), the author states that China and Russia both violate internet freedom since China blocks a few foreign websites and Russian laws made surveillance data being stored inside the country. However, the United State despite being an advocate of internet freedom, had demanded to obtain internet data regardless of where it is stored as long as it is handled by US companies. He also mentioned that many US companies' interest are the same as the Washington's and their cooperation threatens other countries' technological sovereignty.

I agree with the author that China, Russia and the US all violate internet freedom but the US is much more aggressive than the other two countries. China and Russia's restrictions only effect their  own domestic users while the US is spying on everyone around the world as most data are processed by American companies. According to the US theory, they want access to all of them, regardless where or by whom the data was generated. It means that over 75% of data generated worldwide can be accessed by the US government since they are all processed by US companies, namely Google, Yahoo and Microsoft. The irony here is that Washington accuses almost every other countries on the planet of violating human right and lacking of freedom while it is actually the one whose violation is most severe and wide-spread. Such double standard makes people suspicious about American's agenda.

Also, China and Russia have valid reasons to do so. China and Russia are rising and their rise challenges American interest. The not so friendly relationship with the US makes their digital sovereignty much more important for national security. For example, China blocked Facebook and YouTube because some Ughur and Tibetan extremists used those two websites as platform to spread threats which led to explosion and riots in Tibet and Xinjiang. To fight against terrorists is the exactly the same reason that the US uses when it requires customer data from those companies. However, Facebook and YouTube refused to cooperate with Beijing in the investigation and claimed it was against customer privacy. There are also evidences pointed out by Mozorov that those American companies are actually providing data to Washington. I am not saying that the government has right to access personal data. However, when it is the matter of national security and involves many more lives, we may give the government permit to do so. As for China, it is only trying to reduce its citizens' use of American server since they are not cooperating. People may accuse China and Russia of being autocratic. However, the reality is even Brazil and Germany whose government has much better reputation and relationship with the US tried to get rid of American companies due to security reasons. Theses examples can also be found in Mozorov's article. 

The even worse thing is the Prism Program carried out by the National Security Agency of the US. It taps into user data of many big American companies and get access to your personal data without you even knowing it. As I said above, we may grant government some right to access my personal data when it is critical moment. However, what the Prism doing is watching my every movement. This government is not even my own one and I severely doubt its agenda. The big brother is watching. 

In conclusion, China and Russia blocked a few pages and force data to be stored domestically while the US is looking at everyone’s internet data. All of them are wrong, but the US is much more wrong and violates much more people’s privacy. 

Reference:

Evgeny Morozov (2015,Jan4). Who’s the true enemy of internet freedom - China, Russia, or the US?.The Guardian. Retrieved from

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/04/internet-freedom-china-russia-us-google-microsoft-digital-sovereignty

Danny Sullivan, 2013,Google Still World’s Most Popular Search Engine By Far, But Share Of Unique Searchers Dips Slightly. Search Engine Land. Retrieved from: http://searchengineland.com/google-worlds-most-popular-search-engine-148089

James Ball and Dominic Rushe,2013, NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others. The Guardian.

Retrieved from: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data